ICT-enabled digital trasnformation of services.

The algorithmic revolution transforms all of our activities by automatizing the activities and services on our society.

The repositioning services to avoid commodization is about a solution to creating defensible positions in markets. Some firms go further and the shift their core businesses from selling products towards offering services such as Apple tat has the technology and an own software. The products by themselves can be transformed into services, portals to services and value domains.

Services spectrum.

• Irreducible services - relies on humans.
• Hybrid services - relies on a combination between humans and electronic tools.
• Automated services - relies only on ICT or other technologies.

Why now and why so fast?

Because of the competitive pressure of the global digital world.

• The application of ICT to existing service.
• Introduction of new functionality and new possibilities.

As information is digitized, it can be stored, moved and manipulated allowing information-based activities to be relocated, transformed and recombined to take a whole new value.

Translation and Technology

The demand for translation services has increased over the past decades in all of the work areas and technology makes it possible to instantly analyze a huge amount of data, so we can have a more immediately result on our researches.

But for this, we need to understand that when is about translation and language

1. Any tool that does not account for the special features of individual languages.
2. Translation tools need to begin to accommodate the specific needs of particular language.
3. Ttranslation tools are great to identify matches.

ADOPTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

• Document production activities - graphical or presentation softwares.
• Information search and retrieval activities - dictionaries and/or glossaries.
• Translation creation activities - computer/aided translation.
• Communication activities - electronic mail.
• Marketing and work procurement activities marketplaces for marketing and/or for work procurement.
• Business management activities - spreadsheet packages and database packages.

Attitudes towards ICT

It is largely positive because the discussion and implication invest technology that would help improve the efficiency and productivity as translators, which were concerned to adopt software applications that aligned with the needs of their translation business.

UNESCO ICT Competency Framework for Teachers

...

Process, performance drivers and ict tools in human resources mnagement

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Redefined by Armstrong as a strategic integrated and coherent apporach to the employement, development and wel-being of the peoplw working in ornanizatinos, is an important thing on any organization. This way, we can find 6 key qualities of an HR Manager: 

To understand a little better what does an HR Manager do, I'm going to talk about my experience of work the past semester.

First of all, the HR Manager is in charge of receive all of the interviewers aspirants, to know them and talk to them and analyze their attiud and if what they say is true or not. Then they make en expeient with the information of the new recruits and hlp them to integrate in the company, by introducing them to the rest of the personal, both employees and other managers. Then, they help the new employers with a capacitation to make them learn the process of their job and in the middle, they try to motivate them as to make them feel one with the company.

PERFORMANCE DRIVERS

This term is defined by kaplan as a description of peformance in Ballanced scorecards context, but also Grubny and Brown describes the permoformance analysis as ne of the methos for implementins HR estatregy. Performance drives can be divide into many categories depending on the organization they belong to.

The next model can help us to understand better what a Performance Driver does:

Effective use of ICT for education and learning

ICT has fundemantelly changed the practices and procedures of nearly all forms of endeavour, becoming a strong stone in education,  reading, writing and numeracy, which is also affecting teaching and learning process. Like it is something we have to be careful with, not only use them as a toy, but a tool.

ICT can provide curricular support and cntributes to icnrease the interaction and reception of information, helping students to develope their abilities from early years because nowadays, the new generations are constantly using them in schools, libraries and so, replacing books most of the times and helping them to be auto-learners because of the flexibility of the accesibility.

In lerning environment  ICT provides opportunities that we as students need about our environment and the motivation. No matter how good the ICT and the acces to them could be, if the environment and the motivation are not aproppiate, everything else would fail.

General ICT translators

The internet allows us to access to a huge quantity of data and publications of all around the world and also from all of the times. One of the most important tools offered are the search and location information engines, as we can find in Google and all of its tools.

Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in samples of "real world" textand there exist two of them: monolingual copora and bilingual corpora. THis last one can be divided in parallel corpus and comparable corpus.

The concordance generator programs are:

Machine translation: prodecure whereby a computer promgram analyzes a source text and produces a target tect without further human intervention.

Computer assited translation: a human translatios creats a tarfet text with the assustance of a computer promgram.

Main phases of the translation process:

• Reception.
• Transfer.
• Formulation.

The new ICT and translation competences

To be a complet translator it is necessary to be able to use the computer and its featues that offers to us, it means be competent in computer knowledge.

The term translation competence was first used by Toury because of it's similarity to Chomsky's clasifictaion o linguistic knowledge. Translation competence is the ability to carry out the transfer process from the comprehension of the source text to the reexpression of the target text, which means it is needed for us to truly understand both of the languages we are working with, the techincisms, grammar and so.

Model of translation competence:

1. Expert knowledghe.
2. Procedural knowledge.
3. Interrelated subcompetences.
4. Strategic component.

5 subcompetences:

1. Bilingual: underlying systems of knowledge and skills that are beeded for linguitis comunication.
2. Extra-linguistic: is made up of encyclupedi ttrematic and bicultural knowledge.
3. Translation knowledge: is knowledge of the principles guiding translation as a process.
4. Instrumental: comprises the knowledge required to work as a professional translator.
5. Strategic: integrates all the others.

ICT for Translation and Iterpreting.

Because of the increasingly demand of expert linguists on the society, which has been highlighted in the Paris Declaration where it was released a stratement highlighting the "global shortage of quealified linguists" and warning that it could happend that "international prnagisations will be unable to perfom their vital tasks" if this isn't take as a serious thing. So to fight against this problem, we need to bring a carefully training to our translators and interpreters, enabling them to "bridge the gap between the theoretical leaning in the  form of the instruction of the calssroom and the real-life application of the knowledge in thework environment".

Using ICT for expert linguistis and training resoruces:

Learners learn by doing, but for the experience to be valid, it is essential to learn in context  which needs to be authentic. Also, a big amount of researchers and teachers hace accepted that the computer can provide an alternatice to real-life setting, and that technology can be used without sacrificing the authentic context to learn. Other researches have that training materials are needed to be prodeuced in formats which make them easily transferable and accesible, but the programmes must be foces on professional practice and cooperative constructive work as to be essential to place the interactive multimedia resource in a social context.

Empowering students and fostering team-work and professional skills:

Scientists have indentified two different learning styles: learners who apprehend the process (active doers) and those who are "reflective watchers", but those two refines the pattern into four types of learners: learner-reflectors, learner-theorists, lerners-pragmatists and learners-activists which correpond to different  points that gives the linguists the needed to design and ensure all types of learner can engage with the tasks in hand by ICT facilities.

Which those four types of leraners, we can make a good team for example in the use of a wiki tool, which make learners play different roles and consider different perspective, complementing and interchanging the knowledge and the cosmovision of everyone of the members on the team.

Enabling a reflexive and critical learning experience:

For the learning process to be complete, it is needed to incorporate the reflectin, articulation and integrated assesment in which ICT can contribute. The reflexive and critical dimension, which will foster flexibility and an awareness of preofessional skills in expert linguists; we can also find that access to professional booths of ICT is limited during the training of linguists but it is needed to keep the skills of the translators and interpreters up. So to this, ICT have a clearly place in expert linguists training programmes, but there are still issues that lies in the students by themselves.

The role of ICT sector in expanding economic opportunity.

In the past 20 years innovation has accelerated dramatically and it makes able to technology to increases productivity when lots of people have access to it. The fundamental rol of ICT in modern economic are:

• Reduction of transaction costs and improvement of productivity.
• Offering immediate connectivit.
• Substitute for other, more expensive means of communicating and transacting.
• Increase choice in the marketplace.
• Provide access to otherwise unavailable goods and services. 
• Widen the geographic scope of potential markets.
• It's a channel of knowledge and information.

But also we can easily find the economic opportunity obstacles:

• Geographic isolation.
• Lack of competition and high prices for consumers.
• Lack of competition and low prices for producers.
• Legal exclusión.
• Political voice.
• Social capital.

The bussiness case for engagemnt establishes that ICT companies have a great opportunity when it is about helping the poor get richer because it means the have new and expanding markts. The ICT increase efficiency, productivity and acces to goods, services, information and markets by power (skills) and connectivity (sistem) which equals to a content (high demand for ICT).

Developing and emerging markets can drive innovation, which must be not only afforable realiable and relevant, but have a low total cost of ownership, including power and maintenance costos.. But while innovations are required to tap and grwo low-income markets, they have potentially broad applicability in higher.income segments and in developed countries as well.

Factor Affecting Teachers Use of ICT

Nowadays it is important and inevitable to include the use of ICT in our daily routine and mostly in education, which is one of the most important ambits where it is applied.

But the problem lies not only on the avalaibility or the will of the students to use them but in the teacher itself. We can find that the use of the computers as a tool in the classroom is something common by now, but most of the teachers does not know how to use it properly and actually, they use not even the fifty percent of the real capacity of the ICT and they know it, so this awareness of not knowing how to use the potential of the ICT and the fact that maybe they are not able to solve technical problems, makes them feel some rejection to the ICT.

But they don't say this. They sometimes use excuses as such "I don't have time" to justify their fear, together with the low levels of accesibility in some areas of theworldso they can not have the accurate infraestructure in schools.

So there must be a level and quality in the new programs of training teachers to encourage them to use ICT because the professional develoopment hs a significant influence on howwell ICT is embraced in the classroom and an inadequate preparation to use technology stops beaing a fence for teachers, who must be evolving with time and the new generations they have to teach to,  but also the key is having a postive attiud to learning how to develope the computer competences, this plus the proficiency and the acces to information, makes a higher levels of technology integration.

Teachers and everybody no matter their profession nees to become lifelong learners and develope their skills and abilities of learning to become transformational leaders all around the world and through the time. This is why we can fin a sistematic model of teaching which make us question:

• What should be taught.
• How it should be taught.
• Which technology should be used.

Electronic era.

It stated in 1946 and finished in 1957; now we are in the microelectronic era.

It is marked by the development of electronic devices and is divided on periods.

• Transistor period.
• Integrated circuits period.
• Computer processors period.

The great inventions ins this era were:

• Electronic numerical integrator computer.

• The transistor.

• The integrated circuit.

• The computer processor.

Electromechanical era.

It goes from 1840 to 1940 and represents an important change in technology history because they converted information and knowledge into electrical impulses; the key was the discvery of ways to control and use the electricity.

The most important iventions on this era were:

• Colossus machine (1st. calculator created by the british).

 

•  Voltaic battery (by Alessandro Volta in 1799).

•  Telegraph (by SAmuel F.J. Morse in 1832).

• Telephone and radio (by Bell and Watson in 1876; Marconi invented the first radio-telegraph).

 

• Mark 1(by IBM) .

Mechanical era.

The mechanical age, representing a connection between the past and modern technology. Here is where the innovations were important for the technology as we know nowadays because of the next inventions:

Pre-mechanical era.

The history of information technology is divided in four ages: pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical and electronic. 

The pre-mechanical age goes from 3000 b.C. to 1450 a.d. During this age, all was about the writing, starting with petroglyphs, pictographs and ideographs, but the most important fact was the Sumerian cuneiform script because it was the first information system and then the Phoenicians made the first alphabet.

A second important aspect of the pre-mechanical age, was the invention of paper, with the Egyptians using papyrus in 2600 a.d. and the rice paper in China in 100 a.d., as time passed by, the paper allowed the Greeks and Egyptians to start with the first books and libraries. Finally it was the apparition of the numeric system in India in 100a.d. which marked this age.

Uso inteligente de las TIC para una fomración ciuddana digital

La brecha digital en México.

El ser humano vive en una constante evolución y con él, la tecnología. Así pues, vemos que no solo está para permitirnos comunicarnos de forma internacional y tener acceso a casi toda la información, sino que también está ahí para facilitar la vida diaria de las personas, lo cual puede ser contraproducente si se llega a un punto donde los usuarios se vuelven dependientes de la tecnología. Es un arma de dos filos que no todos saben usar de forma adecuada.

    Todos estos aparatos que nos brindan las grandes empresas innovadoras de la tecnología hoy en día, tienen diferentes funciones dependiendo del público al que esté destinado y que pueden adaptarse especialmente para las necesidades de los usuarios y si bien, el acceso a este amplio abanico de tecnologías no es total en el mundo, y podemos ver muchos sectores que carecen incluso de electricidad como para permitirse estos lujos, yo creo que lo importante va más allá de esta brecha digital y es, en efecto la brecha cognitiva.

    Imaginemos que en unas décadas, la brecha digital logra erradicarse casi por completo y las comunidades tienen la infraestructura necesaria para el uso delas TIC más básicas, tales como un celular, una televisión o incluso una computadora. Bien, ahí el problema sería exactamente, quienes saben manejar tales tecnologías, pero también usándolas en lo máximo posible según sus necesidades y aún más importante, lo que hacen con la información que reciben y que comunican.

    Si imaginamos, por otra parte, el mundo antes del gran impacto que tuvo en la sociedad la aparición de las computadoras domésticas, pensemos entonces en cómo era antes el acceso a la información y, además, quienes la procesaban adecuadamente para transformar esta información en un conocimiento propio. Así pues, creo que podemos ver que, sin importar el tamaño de la brecha digital, la brecha cognitiva es un tema más profundo en nuestra sociedad y no solamente al tratarse de lo que hacemos con la tecnología o la forma de emplearla.

   

Ahora bien, como mencioné anteriormente, la información debe ser procesada para poder tener un conocimiento del mundo; Aldous Huxley, en su libro “Un Mundo Feliz”, relata que en algún tiempo se comenzó a ponerle información auditiva a los infantes, por ejemplo, con las capitales del mundo. Así, al crecer, el niño tenía toda la información sobre las capitales del mundo, sin embargo no sabía qué era una capital y esto, creo que es algo que pasa últimamente en el momento en que, al no saber una respuesta, solo lo buscamos en internet y lo usamos para ese momento. La información se almacena y tal vez incluso en la memoria a corto plazo, lo cual sucede con muchas cosas delas que entran a nuestros dispositivos electrónicos y solamente comienzan a almacenar y almacenar información.

Es aquí donde creo que no importan mucho los esfuerzos de las organizaciones que se preocupan por hacer que el mundo esté interconectado o qué tanto empeño pongan las sociedades del conocimiento para que la mejor información posible llegue al resto de la sociedad, si la sociedad misma no está encaminada al uso adecuado delas tecnologías.

Las TIC son buenas, claro que sí. Y tienen múltiples aplicaciones en la vida diaria, al no ser únicamente una enciclopedia más sino también una herramienta de esparcimiento, lo que no es malo aprovechar, el verdadero problema, será  el usuario, su capacitación y su interés.